文艺复兴的开端

人文主义(humanism)兴起。

=> 贸易,民主与城镇赞助(town patronage),希腊城邦时代的回归?
=> 大学与修道院(monasteries)复兴古典知识与文化
=> 人文主义的「身体」层面(physical aspect):开始把人的身体(individual body)作为研究对象,强调其在空间(space)中的真实存在
=> 人文主义的「精神」层面(mental aspect):重视个体经验(individual experience)与内心感受,鼓励人通过学习与艺术去理解世界,而非单纯依赖宗教教义

意大利早期文艺复兴绘画

13 至 14 世纪。

蛋彩画(tempera)与金叶(gold leaf):拜占庭式的抽象到意大利现实主义

=> 圣三一教堂《圣母加冕》(Santa Trinita Maestà),Cimabue,c.1280-90
=> 诸圣教堂《圣母加冕》(Ognissanti Madonna),Giotto di Bondone,c.1310

圣三一教堂的《圣母加冕》
圣三一教堂的《圣母加冕》
诸圣教堂的《圣母加冕》
诸圣教堂的《圣母加冕》
祭坛画的戏剧性(the theatricality of the altarpiece)

=> 杜乔《圣母加冕》(Maestà of Duccio),锡耶纳主教座堂(Siena Cathedral)的主祭坛画,蛋彩与金叶绘制在木板上的画作,Duccio di Buoninsegna,1308-11。此画描绘了:

  • 正面:圣母子的加冕
  • 正面:降生(Nativity)
  • 背面:基督进入耶路撒冷
  • 背面:最后的晚餐
  • 背面:基督受难
湿壁画(fresco):私人赞助(private patronage)的兴起

=> 竞技场礼拜堂壁画组(fresco cycle in the Arena Chapel),Giotto di Bondone,1305-06。赞助人:帕多瓦(Padua)的富有银行家 Enrico Scrovegni。

  • Enrico 其父 Reginaldo 因高利贷声名狼藉,甚至在但丁的《神曲》中被置于地狱。据推测 Enrico 建造礼拜堂并装饰壁画是为父赎罪。
  • 拉撒路的复活(Raising of Lazarus
  • 哀悼(Lamentation
  • 慷慨的善与嫉妒之恶(the virtue of Charity and the sin of Envy
  • 最后的审判(Last Judgment),此画中 Enrico 跪着向圣母献上礼拜堂,象征其对神圣的奉献
世俗道德(secular morality)与治理艺术(art of governance)

=> 《好政府与坏政府的寓言》(The Allegory of Good and Bad Government),锡耶纳市政厅的壁画组,Ambrogio Lorenzetti,1338-39

本节名录

  • c.1088: Europe’s first university is officially formed in Bologna (波隆那), Italy; early universities usually concentrated on teaching law and theology, then developed medicine and philosophy (art history wasn’t introduced until the 19th century)
  • 1210: the Franciscan order of Christian monks (方济各修会) is founded
    • 模仿基督的贫穷生活,与自然、万物和谐共处
  • 1216: the Dominican order of Christian monks (多明我修会) is founded
    • 对抗异端(特别是法国南部的卡特里派),强调教义纯正和理性辩证
  • 1321: Dante Alighieri (但丁) publishes The Divine Comedy (《神曲》), an epic Christian poem in three books in which Dante describes traveling through Hell (with the Roman poet Virgil), Purgatory (炼狱), and Heaven in the year 1300; it includes remarks on actual Italian people Dante sees in the nine circles of Hell (九狱)
  • 1348: Europe is struck by the bubonic plague (黑死病)
  • chiaroscuro (明暗法): the use of varying tints of a color to give the impression of roundness