本节名录
- 1776: the United States declares independence from Great Britain and establishes a democratic republic
- 1789: the French Revolution overthrows the monarchy and establishes a democratic republic until 1799 – with violence and civil war
- 1799-1815: Napoleon (拿破仑) rules France as First Consul (第一执政官) and then Emperor
- aquatint (凹版蚀刻法): a variation of etching, using cracked resin (裂纹树脂) to produce a fine crackle pattern (细腻的裂纹蚀刻纹理) of etched lines, which look like gray shading (灰色阴影效果) when printed