艺术的商业化

The commercialization of art.

  • Increased commerce and wealth expanded the art business - 以荷兰共和国为代表,商业革命带来前所未有的富裕;形成了自由市场式的艺术经济。
  • Art began to represent economic interests and values - 中产阶级所追求的价值(节俭,劳动,家庭,贸易,科学)被视觉化为艺术主题。

=>《钱商与他的妻子》Money-Changer and His Wife,Quinten Massys,1514,油画

佛兰德的国际主义

Internationalism in Flanders (1600-1700):佛兰德属尼德兰南部十省之一,仍处于西班牙哈布斯堡的统治,天主教为主。

彼得·保罗·鲁本斯(Peter Paul Rubens):跨国宫廷画师(international court painter)

鲁本斯在安特卫普的工作室:欧洲最大的艺术生产中心之一,招聘大量学徒与助手。

  • 西班牙哈布斯堡王室(菲利普四世)
  • 奥地利哈布斯堡王室(玛丽亚·德·美第奇)
  • 法国王室(路易十三,黎塞留)
  • 意大利曼图亚公国(贡扎加家族)
  • 英国王室(查理一世)

=>《上十字架》Raising of the Cross,1610,安特卫普圣母主教座堂祭坛画,油画

=>《玛丽·德·美第奇在马赛登陆》Arrival of Marie de Medici at Marseilles,1622-25,油画

安东尼·范·戴克(Anthony van Dyck):来自安特卫普的英格兰首席宫廷画师

鲁本斯盛赞范戴克为「我最好的学生」。

=>《查理一世狩猎像》Charles I Dismounted,c. 1635,油画:subtle compromise between gentlemanly nonchalance and regal assurance

=>《查理一世骑马像》Equestrian Portrait of King Charles I,1638,油画

尼德兰的民主现实主义

Democratic realism in the Netherlands (1600-1700)

荷兰共和国黄金时代(Gouden Eeuw):贸易兴盛的新教民主国家。

Painting this world: rise of genre, still life, and landscape - 新教不赞成宗教画的创作,尼德兰艺术转向「此世」:风俗画,静物画,与风景画(landscape 即源自荷兰语 landschap

=>《校长》The Schoolmaster,Adriaen van Ostade,1662,油画

=>《花卉静物画》Flower Still Life,Rachel Ruysch,early 1700s,油画

=>《从奥弗费恩沙丘眺望哈伦城》View of Haarlem from the Dunes at Overveen,Jacob van Ruisdael,c. 1670,油画

维米尔:科学与外部世界(Vermeer, science and the outer world)

=>《》

伦勃朗:情绪与内心世界(Rembrandt, emotion and the inner world)

=>《》

本节名录

  • 1602: the Dutch East India Company (东印度公司) is formed, leading to the Netherlands’ leadership in trade with east Asia
  • 1609: the Dutch Republic achieves independence from Spain and forms a new Protestant, democratic nation
  • 1648: King Louis XIV in France founds the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture (Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture,皇家绘画与雕塑学院), Europe’s first formal, national academy for art training
  • etching (蚀刻): a printmaking technique in which lines are scratched through a resin film (树脂薄膜) on a metal plate; the plate is then dipped in acid to burn the lines into the plate; then it’s inked and printed in a high-pressure printing press as in engraving